Volume 6
Md. Mahbub Alam, Dipti Bhowmik & Swapna Akter
Stamford University, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University
Email: mahbubalam13003@gmail.com
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Abstract
Purpose: This paper aims to examine the dynamic relationship among energy
consumption, gross capital formation, carbon emissions, and economic growth in
Bangladesh over the period from 1972 to 2022.
Methodology: The study utilizes the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL)
method and Granger causality tests to find out dynamic interrelationships among
the study variables.
Findings: The co-integration test implies that in the long-run all the variables are
co-integrated. In the long-run, the results reveal that energy consumption and
gross capital formation (GCF) have a positive effect on economic growth, while
carbon emissions (CO2) have an inverse impact on it. The results of short-run
dynamic coefficients of the ARDL model show that CO2 is negatively related to
GDP, while GCF has a positive impact on GDP. The pairwise Granger causality
implies that there exists unidirectional causality from economic growth to energy
consumption. There also exists a unidirectional causality from economic growth
to CO2 and a bidirectional causality from GCF to GDP.
Practical Implication: This study offers a suitable environment that would allow
us to identify the current policy gaps, and a substantial shift in low-carbon
technology, such as energy efficiency and renewable energy, may help reduce
emissions and maintain the long-term viability of the economy.
Originality/Value: Earlier research in this field has abandoned the environmental
synthesis of the relationship between energy use and economic growth. Using the
most recent data set, this study contributes to the small body of literature already
available on the nexus among energy consumption, gross capital formation,
carbon emissions, and economic growth in Bangladesh.
Limitation: The current study employs a specific country; however, further
studies may be conducted using South Asian countries."
Muhammad Abdul Baset & Mohima Akter Maya
Faculty of Business Studies, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
Email: abdulbaset@juniv.edu
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Abstract
Purpose: The objective of the study is to determine the extent to which job
satisfaction (JS) serves as a mediator in the relationship between work-life balance
(WLB) and organisational commitment (OC). This will enable the administration
of Bangladeshi banks to concentrate on enhancing their overall performance and
productivity by ensuring a harmonious balance between their personal and
professional lives.
Data and Methodology: This study employs a convenience sampling strategy to
gather data from 120 bankers. The questionnaire items were evaluated using a
5-point Likert scale. The data is evaluated using SPSS version 25, which makes
use of regression, correlation, and ANOVA.
Findings: Studies indicate that work-life balance has a substantial impact on
organisational commitment. Additionally, JS effectively mediates the relationship
between WLB and OC. The findings indicate that an increased emphasis on
cultivating an optimal work-life balance and job satisfaction is essential for
enhancing employees' organisational commitment in the banking sector.
Practical Implications: This study has significant implications for the banking
sector in Bangladesh. Senior management should implement policies and
processes to institutionalise work-life balance across both dimensions, likely
leading to an increase in job satisfaction and organisational commitment among
bankers within their organizations.
Originality/Value: Insufficient attention has been given to work-life balance and
its effects on organisational commitment. The impact of work-life balance on
organisational commitment, mediated by job satisfaction, seems to be
inadequately researched in Bangladesh. This research will investigate the
influence of work-life balance on employee organisational commitment, with job
satisfaction serving as a mediator, within the banking sector of Bangladesh.
Limitations: Notable limitations of the study encompass the use of a convenience
sampling method for data collection, a restricted sample size, and a concentration
on a particular geographic area.
" "
S. M. Akterujjaman & S. M. Monirul Islam
BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology (BUFT), Jashore University of Science and Technology
Email: smakter2010@gmail.com
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Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate customers’ attitudes toward
the performance of real estate businesses in Dhaka city.
Methodology: This study used the Fishbein multi-attribute model to assess
customers' attitudes toward the performance of real estate businesses. The model
considers customers’ beliefs and evaluations of 15 attributes. Hypotheses were
tested at a 5% significance level, with results validated using p-values (p < .05).
Findings: Customers' overall attitude toward the performance of real estate
businesses scored 38.986, which is lower than the expected positive benchmark of
44.504. While customers showed positive attitudes toward car parking space,
security services, and backup power supply, their attitudes toward the remaining
12 attributes fell below the expected standard.
Practical Implications: This study helps real estate companies align strategies
with customer expectations by identifying areas needing improvement, such as
timely apartment handovers, fire safety, and building code compliance.
Policymakers can use the findings to address gaps and foster sustainable growth.
Originality/Value: This study is original in nature in terms of data and concept.
This study will contribute to a significant extent to improving the performance of
the real estate industry in Bangladesh. This study will help real estate companies
to develop customer-centric strategies as well.
Limitations: The study's generalizability is limited by its small sample size, use of
convenience sampling, and focus on Dhaka city. Broader, more representative
sampling across regions is recommended for future research.
"
Md. Jahangir Alam, Mohammad Toriqul Islam Jony & Naima Khatun
Department of Management, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Trishal, Mymensingh
Email: jony.jkkniu@gmail.com
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Abstract
Purpose: The present study fills an under-researched void in leadership style
research in non-Western contexts by exploring its effects on employee outcomes
in the non-Western context, namely, the private sector of Bangladesh. More
specifically, the MLQ-5X was used to test the impact of transformational,
transactional, and laissez-faire leadership on employee satisfaction, perceived
leadership effectiveness, and extra employee effort.
Methodology: A quantitative method was applied, and survey data were collected
from respondents from several private sector organizations in Bangladesh using
the MLQ-5X to measure the extent of employees’ perceptions of supervisors’
leadership style and its implications for employee creativity. The relationship
between the three leadership styles and effectiveness, satisfaction, and extra effort
was tested using statistical analysis.
Findings: The findings indicate that a high level of transformational leadership is
positively related to employees' job satisfaction, perceived effectiveness, and extra
effort. Transactional leadership was positively correlated with these results to a
moderate extent. In contrast, laissez-faire leadership is negatively associated with
all three outcomes, meaning that employees are less satisfied and perceive their
leaders as less effective.
Practical Implications: The results indicate that developing transformational
leadership practices in the private sector of a country like Bangladesh could have
human resource management and leadership development implications, as
promoting transformational leadership abilities can create desired outcomes on
employee satisfaction and commitment, which eventually ensures long-term
organizational survival. Leadership development programs should focus on
developing transformational skills and minimizing laissez-faire behavior.
Originality/Value: The findings of this study add to the limited empirical
literature on leadership styles in developing countries. In validating the MLQ-5X
in Bangladesh, this study shows the model’s cross-cultural relevance and its
implications for leadership practices that could potentially enhance organizational
performance within South Asian economies.
Limitations: The cross-sectional nature of this study precludes inferences about
causality and can induce perceptual bias. Longitudinal studies that include both
supervisor and employee perspectives in future research will allow for a more
comprehensive understanding of the leadership process.
" "
Nusrat Sharmin Lipy
Department of Management Studies, University of Barishal, Bangladesh
Email: nslipy@bu.ac.bd
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Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to examine the impact of five promotional
strategies,advertising, sales promotion, publicity, direct marketing,
and digital marketing on tourists' intention to revisit Kuakata.
Methodology: A quantitative, cross-sectional survey design was employed, with
data collected from 256 valid respondents (university students and previous
visitors to Kuakata) using convenience sampling. Descriptive statistics and
regression analysis were conducted using SPSS to assess the current situation and
explore the relationships between promotional strategies and revisit intentions.
Findings: Promotional strategies significantly influence revisit intentions. Digital
marketing and direct marketing had the strongest impact, followed by traditional
strategies like advertising and sales promotion.
Practical Implications: The findings provide valuable insights for businesses,
government agencies, and marketers in the tourism sector, highlighting the
importance of investing in well-rounded promotional strategies to encourage
repeat visits and strengthen destination loyalty.
Originality/Value: This study contributes to the academic literature by bridging
the gap between promotional strategy research and tourism revisit intentions. It
offers empirical evidence that supports strategic marketing initiatives in
destination management.
Limitations: The study utilized a convenience sampling method, which may limit
the generalizability of the findings. Future research could employ a broader
sampling strategy and include additional variables to deepen understanding.
"
Shobod Deba Nath, Adiba Khan Moonisha & Aditi Shams
Department of International Business, Faculty of Business Studies, University of Dhaka
Email: aditishams@du.ac.bd
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Abstract
Purpose: To remain competitive and address constraints, selecting the optimal
location for establishing RMG factories is a critical managerial decision for
garment owners and managers. Accordingly, this paper aims to examine the
impact of the Padma Bridge on the RMG industry in southwestern Bangladesh by
analyzing the advantages and challenges of this location.
Methodology: The study adopted a qualitative approach, conducting 19
semi-structured interviews with 9 garment managers and 10 garment workers.
Findings: A thematic analysis of the data identified major challenges, including
inadequate utility facilities and an underdeveloped supply chain, as well as key
opportunities, such as access to ports and a large, affordable workforce.
Additionally, solutions to overcome these challenges were highlighted, including
accelerating the execution of ongoing infrastructure projects (ports, utilities, and
transportation development) and implementing new policies to encourage RMG
manufacturers.
Practical Implications: The findings of this research could help new
entrepreneurs and existing garment manufacturers navigate future challenges
associated with Bangladesh’s LDC graduation.
Originality/Value: While the RMG sector historically played a pivotal role in the
national economy, the sectors contribution in the industrialization of southeast
region remains largely unexplored. To address this gap, this research offers a
systematic investigation into the economic opportunities of the RMG sector in
southeast region following Padma Bridge. This research offers deeper insights into
the emerging opportunities and challenges, providing a foundation for informed
decision –making for policy makers, investors, and industry stakeholders.
Limitations: The findings of this study cannot be generalized to other research
contexts, as they are based on a small sample of respondents. Future research
could explore cross-sectional data for broader insights.
"
Md. Humaun Kabir & Md. Firoz Hossain
Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh.
Email: hkabirecoiu86@gmail.com
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Abstract
Purpose: This study investigates the dynamics of potato production and pricing in
Bangladesh over the period 1990–2023.
Methodology: The experiment was carried out by using time series data from
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) and FAOSTAT for the empirical analysis.
The Koyck distributed lag model is applied to evaluate short-run and long-run
effects of pricing on production.
Findings: The findings reveal that the potato production in Bangladesh has been
influenced by the lag value of average price formed in the market. The most
striking result of the study is the time required for the changes in the potato price
in Bangladesh to an effect on potato production of 13.29 years.
Practical Implications: This result indicates that farmers are highly motivated to
cultivate this crop, which is primarily grown as a staple. To mitigate price
volatility and uncertainty in the potato market, it is essential to promote
sustainable potato farming practices and establish an efficient market
organization.
Originality/Value: This study adds to the current literature by examining potato
production patterns in Bangladesh through an econometric analysis, specifically
the Koyck distributed lag model.
Limitations: The study's limitations include the absence of non-price elements
including climate change, input prices, and government regulations that also affect
output, as well as data limitations that could compromise the accuracy of
long-term lag estimations.
"
Ekramul Huda
Department of International Business, Faculty of Business Studies, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Email: ekram.ib@du.ac.bd
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Abstract
Purpose: This study explores the readiness of the Bangladeshi Bicycle as a
potential export item of the country’s export diversifying strategy.
Methodology: This study uses mixed methods. It first analyzes comparative
advantage using a quantitative approach and then identifies challenges and areas
for improvement using a qualitative approach. The quantitative data spans from
2012 to 2023, while qualitative data comes from semi-structured interviews with
participants from three major bicycle-exporting firms in the country.
Findings: Bangladesh has a comparative advantage in bicycle exports from 2012
to 2023, with steady growth and a spike in 2021. Key challenges for exporting
bicycles include limited capital, lack of expertise, minimal government support,
and political instability. Advanced technology, improved quality, and enhanced
training and connectivity are needed to overcome these challenges.
Practical Implications: This study will help build the country's export
diversification strategies through bicycles and contribute to its trade policy
reforms. The findings will also help policymakers, bicycle producers, and
exporters initiate strategies that further develop the country's export readiness.
Originality/Value: Exploring the Bangladeshi bicycle industry's export readiness
and competitiveness, comparative advantage, challenges, and way out in exporting
bicycles from Bangladesh presents the originality and value addition of this study.
Limitations: The analysis uses only the RCA index to assess the comparative
advantage in bicycle readiness. While it shows whether a country has an advantage
or disadvantage in certain products, it does not reveal the underlying reasons for
these conditions.
"
Nausheen Rahman, Tazrina Farah & Limuja Binth Halim
Department of Finance, Faculty of Business Studies, University of Dhaka
Email: nausheen.rahman@du.ac.bd
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Abstract
Purpose: Bangladesh’s RMG sector underpins national economic stability but
frequently confronts shocks, such as the MFA phase-out, industrial disasters like
Rana Plaza, COVID-19 disruption, and geopolitical tensions. These events have
fueled inflation, currency devaluation, and fluctuating export earnings. This study
explores survival and growth strategies, suggesting policy actions for sustained
competitiveness. It also recommends workforce development and collaboration
with international partners to strengthen the sector’s global standing.
Methodology: This study deliberately eschews fresh field surveys and intricate
econometric models, opting instead for a visually driven, contextual analysis to
illuminate the evolution of the readymade garment sector. Drawing on government
statistics and industry white papers, it chronicles the industry’s expansion, its
periods of turmoil, and its subsequent recoveries. De Marchi’s (2023) analytical
framework underpins the assessment of the sector’s capacity to absorb shocks,
adapt to shifting conditions, and regain momentum.
Findings: Although disruptions caused transient drops in export earnings, overall
performance remained stable. Key contributors to resilience included proactive
strategic adjustments, adherence to international compliance protocols, and strong
governmental support.
Practical Implications: Timely risk identification and swift policy responses,
particularly in labor safety and factory compliance, foster market confidence.
Government interventions, such as policy incentives and subsidized loans, bolster
the industry against currency volatility and inflation. Future strategies may involve
diversifying export destinations, modernizing technology, and enhancing
workforce skills for global competitiveness.
Originality/Value: This research offers a comprehensive view of how the RMG
sector endures recurrent challenges, providing valuable guidance for
policymakers, industry stakeholders, and international collaborators in fostering
long-term sustainability.
Limitations: Dependence on secondary data may constrain the depth of insight.
Real-time field investigations could enrich understanding of on-the-ground
resilience practices and validate the sector’s adaptive measures. Future research
could incorporate additional quantitative metrics.
"
Pinky Akter, Ryuchi Nakamoto & Md Tapan Mahmud
Kyushu University, Osaka Metropolitan University, Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP)
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Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to portray a comprehensive bibliometric picture of the
studies related to Bangladesh’s RMG industry to unearth the trend, themes,
research collaboration, and historiography of the related literature.
Methodology: We amassed 228 papers through the WoS database within the
broad periphery of business, economics, and management and utilized VOSviewer
and R to analyze and visualize the bibliometric landscape, i.e., key journals,
institutions, research groups and collaborations, co-occurrence networks, thematic
mapping, and historiography.
Findings: Research interest in Bangladesh’s RMG industry emerged in the 1900s,
focusing on early developmental factors; it remained limited until the late 2000s,
when scholars covered mostly the notions of labor rights, industry accountability,
and governance tied to fast fashion and export growth dynamics. However, the
number of publications spiked significantly after 2013, following the Rana Plaza
disaster. Recently, researchers have become more concerned about the social
sustainability management endeavors of suppliers and international buyers, along
with the contested compliance regimes. Strategic management, governance, and
labor rights are motor themes, while social justice and empowerment remain
emerging ideas. Interestingly, Bangladesh’s RMG sector has received global
scholarly attention as 23 top research institutions are investigating this segment,
illustrating a high international collaboration rate of 46.05%.
Originality/Value: This paper provides a comprehensive literary picture of
Bangladesh’s RMG industry-focused studies, highlighting the lineage and growth
of this research domain.
Practical Implications: Academics of the related domain can reflect on their
research interest and build on their research themes. Moreover, the managers of
this industry may note the contemporary research themes to prepare for upcoming
challenges.
Limitations: This study used one database, WoS, and bibliometric tools solely.
"
Tandra Mondal
Department of Finance and Banking, University of Barishal
Email: t.mondal44@gmail.com
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Abstract
Purpose: This paper examines the macroeconomic factors and bank-specific
variables that affect the interest rate spread in the banking sector in Bangladesh
using a two-step generalized method of moment estimation technique.
Methodology: Using panel data from 2013 to 2022, the study examines 30
scheduled banks, including four state-owned and 26 private commercial banks. A
two-step Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation technique is
employed to analyze the impact of GDP growth rate, inflation, capital adequacy
ratio, return on assets, bank size, and non-performing loan ratio on the interest
rate spread.
Findings: The results reveal that bank size, return on assets, non-performing loan
ratio, and GDP growth rate have a significant and positive effect on the interest
rate spread. In contrast, capital adequacy ratio and inflation exert a negative but
statistically insignificant influence. These findings provide valuable insights for
regulators and policymakers in maintaining an optimal interest rate spread to
support banking sector stability.
Originality/Value: While interest rate spread has been extensively studied, this
research contributes updated evidence using a recent decade of post-crisis data
(2013–2022). By integrating both macroeconomic and bank-specific variables
within a robust panel framework, the study offers a context-specific analysis that
captures the evolving financial and regulatory landscape of Bangladesh.
Practical Implication: This study provides direct guidance for banking sector
stakeholders. Bank managers should prioritize operational efficiency and
enhanced credit risk management to control spread-driving costs. Regulators can
implement targeted policies like differential capital requirements for banks with
high non-performing loans. For policymakers, maintaining sustainable economic
growth is confirmed as essential for banking sector stability.
Limitations: The findings are specific to Bangladeshi banks and may not
generalize to other regions.
"
Labiba Ann Khurshid, Md. Mizanur Rahman, Dr. Rumana Haque & Abdullah Tarik
Business Administration Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna
Email: abdullahtarikrohit.1.21@gmail.com
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Abstract
Purpose: The research aims to determine the various factors that influence
consumers' clothing buying behavior when shopping online. This study
additionally determined the primary motives why internet shoppers purchase
clothing online, as well as possible obstacles to Internet shopping adoption.
Methodology: The Convenience sampling method has been used for the study,
and a sample of 189 consumers, in which all of the questionnaire items are graded
on a 5-point Likert scale. In addition to correlation, regression, and ANOVA,
SPSS was used to evaluate data.
Findings: The findings of the study offered research information for various
e-commerce organizations and sectors to better their marketing efforts by adopting
the factors perceived usefulness, perceived shopping attribute, perceived ease of
use, perceived benefit, perceived risk, perceived trust, and website atmosphere.
Practical Implications: This research has substantial practical consequences for
e-commerce organizations, particularly in the Khulna region. Top-level
management should adopt the factors that will result increase in the sales of
e-commerce organisations.
Value/Originality: Little emphasis has been made on the seven factors and their
impact on consumer behavior discussed in the paper. Furthermore, the effect of the
factors has been observed for Khulna. To close this gap, the research examined the
role of the factors in the online sector in the Khulna region.
Limitations: Significant study limitations include the convenience sample
method used to obtain data, limited sample size, and a focus on a specific area." "
Partho Sarathi Laskar, Md. Ariful Islam, Md. All Mahmud
Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia-7003, Bangladesh
Email: arif.eco.iu986@gmail.com
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Abstract
Purposes: This study investigates the dual role of remittances in fostering
macroeconomic growth (proxied by GDP) and reducing household poverty in
Bangladesh, with a focus on Jhenaidah district. It aims to bridge the gap between
national-level economic trends and localized poverty dynamics, offering intutions
into how remittance inflows catalyze development at both macro and micro levels.
Methodology: This study combined macro- and micro-level analyses:
econometric techniques (Unit Root, Johansen cointegration, Granger Causality)
assessed remittance-GDP linkages using secondary data obtained from world
development indicator (WDI), while primary data from 100 households in two
upazilas of Jhenaidah district were evaluated via the Cost of Basic Needs (CBN)
approach (poverty lines) and Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) index (incidence,
depth, severity).
Findings: Micro-level data confirms that remittances significantly increased
incomes and expenditures, reducing poverty incidence (38% under the upper
poverty line vs. 25% under the lower line), depth (18% vs. 11.3%), and severity
(5.1% vs. 2.4%) while Johansen cointegration analysis revealed a stable long-term
equilibrium between remittances and GDP. Furthermore, Granger causality tests
demonstrated unidirectional causality: remittances Granger-cause GDP growth (p
= 0.04 at the 5% significance level), while GDP does not Granger-cause
remittance flows.
Practical Implications: The findings advocate for policies that strengthen
financial inclusion mechanisms to direct remittances as a catalyst for household
resilience and macroeconomic stability by integrating migration strategies into
national poverty-alleviation frameworks.
Originality/Value: This study uniquely integrates macroeconomic and
household-level analyses to demonstrate how remittances simultaneously fuel
national growth and empower vulnerable communities.
Limitations: The household sample (n=100) and single-district focus limit
generalizability.
"
Md. Sahriar Jahan & Md. Mizanur Rahman
Business Administration Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna.
Email: shahriar.shovon5587@gmail.com
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Abstract
Purpose: This study explores how sustainability initiatives have contributed to
positive transformation in Bangladesh's ready-made garment (RMG) sector.
Methodology: A quantitative research design was adopted, focusing on four key
dimensions: environmental, social, economic, and company-level sustainability.
Data were collected from 150 respondents through questionnaires and in-depth
interviews.
Findings: The findings reveal a strong positive relationship between sustainability
measures and the RMG industry’s development. Regression analysis shows that
environmental, economic, social, and company-level sustainability explain 52.8%,
72.9%, 72.1%, and 78.7% of the variance in RMG sector performance,
respectively. This finding highlights significant benefits such as reduced
environmental impact, improved labor conditions, and financial gains. A
Prescriptive analysis offers practical insights guiding the sector towards integrated
sustainability, which enhances long-term resilience amid global challenges and
evolving consumer expectations.
Originality/Value: This research highlights the dynamics of sustainability in
Bangladesh's RMG industry and provides valuable empirical insights.
Practical Implications: The study holds both social and practical significance. It
contributes empirical evidence to the existing academic literature on sustainability
and industrial development, particularly within emerging economies. It also
provides actionable insights for industry stakeholders and policymakers,
encouraging greater adoption of sustainable practices to secure competitive
advantages.
Limitations: This study is subject to limitations, including a relatively small
sample size and reliance on self-reported data, which may introduce bias and limit
generalizability. Additionally, it doesn’t fully explore external influences such as
international regulations or the enforcement of domestic policies.
Dipto Ghosh & Dr. Md. Abdul Hamid
Department of Business Administration, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet
Email: mahamid-bus@sust.edu
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Abstract
Objective: This study aims to critically examine the key obstacles hindering the
implementation of environmentally sustainable entrepreneurial practices for
sustainable development in Sylhet, Bangladesh, to assess the alignment of
entrepreneurial initiatives with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and to
propose evidence-based, context-specific strategies for overcoming regional
challenges and fostering sustainable entrepreneurship.
Methodology: This research utilized a qualitative technique, comprising 25
in-depth interviews (IDIs) with local businesses and 5 key informant interviews
(KIIs) with policymakers and environmental specialists. Semi-structured
interviews were conducted to reveal stakeholders' opinions on the obstacles to
implementing sustainable practices.
Findings: Regulatory uncertainty, limited training opportunities, financial
constraints, and weak policy enforcement hinder the adoption of environmentally
sustainable practices, further compounded by cultural resistance and fragmented
policy coordination. The findings highlight a clear linkage between local
entrepreneurial challenges and the broader Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs).
Originality/Value: The research offers new perspectives on the relationship
between entrepreneurship and sustainability in emerging economies. By
addressing region-specific difficulties, it underlines the important significance of
eco-friendly practices in attaining SDGs.
Practical Implications: The findings provide implementable suggestions for
politicians, non-governmental organizations, and industry players. Essential
methods encompass policy changes, capacity-building programs, community
involvement efforts, and enhanced cooperation among stakeholders to foster
sustainable entrepreneurship.
Limitations: This study is confined to the Sylhet area, which may restrict the
generalizability of the results. Subsequent research may broaden the scope to
encompass comparison analysis across areas and employ mixed-method
techniques for improved validation.
" "
Al-Amin, Zubayda Sultana & Muhammad Shahin Miah
Faculty of Business Studies, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Email: mshahin@du.ac.bd
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Abstract
Objectives: This study investigates the factors that influence the location of
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the member countries of the SAARC. The
significance of this research lies in its capacity to provide policymakers with
valuable insights and enhance their understanding of the determinants impacting
FDI in the SAARC region.
Methodology: We collect data from the World Development Indicators (WDI)
database spanning the period from 2000 to 2022. We use multiple linear regression
(MLR) to test our conjectures using STATA. We conduct a comprehensive
examination of economic, institutional, and demographic issues. In addition, we
employ Dunning's Ownership-Location-Internalisation paradigm (DOLI) as a
guiding framework to identify and examine hypotheses on FDI.
Findings: We find that economic conditions have a range of consequences on FDI,
which have significant ramifications. The findings highlight the heterogeneous
effects of the manufacturing sector on FDI, with substantial significance observed
in the specific nations, while lacking statistical significance in others. The analysis
also uncovers diverse effects of the quantity and quality of the labor forces,
exhibiting positive correlations in certain cases and minimal influence in other
scenarios. This statement emphasizes the significant importance of proactive trade
tactics, emphasizing the complex connections between FDI and trade openness,
market potential, regulatory environment, tax policies, and savings.
Originality/Value: Our study contributes to the literature of FDI by providing
empirical evidence. Moreover, this paper brings insights for policymakers and we
believe that our findings can be utilized to create a favorable atmosphere for foreign
investors. This, in turn, can lead to an increase in FDI and contribute to the
development of a strong and sustainable economy across the SAARC area.
Practical Implications: The findings help policymakers focus on improving
infrastructure, stabilizing prices, and strengthening key sectors to better attract and
sustain FDI in SAARC countries.
Limitations: The study is limited by the use of secondary data and a single panel
regression model, which may not capture country-specific and non-economic
factors that affect FDI.
Surajit Kumar Mondal & Mst. Sumaia
Department of Management Studies, University of Barishal, Barishal-8254, Bangladesh
Email: skmondal@bu.ac.bd
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Abstract
Purpose: Freelancing has emerged as a prominent mode of work in the
contemporary economy, offering individuals flexibility, autonomy, and
opportunities for income generation. The purpose of this study is to present a
thorough summary of the determinants that shape freelancing intention and the
transition to actual behavior.
Methodology: Responses from 235 people have been collected from the
freelancers working on digital platforms based on structured questionnaire. Data
have been analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) with Smart-PLS.
Findings: The results of this study showed that the intention to freelance is
significantly associated with freelancing attitude, subjective
norm, perceived behavioral control, and professional identity. Furthermore, freelancing
intention acted as a mediating element in the relationship between these factors and the
actual freelancing behavior.
Practical Implications: Specifically, the findings convey implications for
existing and prospective freelancers, organizations aiming to collaborate with
freelancers, and for the policymakers endeavoring to foster an ecosystem
conducive to freelancing entrepreneurship. Theoretically, though this research is
based on TPB theory, integration of professional identity in the proposed model
provides a better predictive capacity to assess freelancing intention and ultimate
freelancing behavior.
Value/Originality: There exists a significant deficiency of comprehensive
research on the combined effects of freelancing attitude, subjective norm,
perceived behavioral control, and professional identity on freelancing intention,
and their impacts on ultimate freelancing behavior in Bangladesh. This study fills
this research gap by combining freelancing attitude, subjective norm, perceived
behavioral control, and professional identity with freelancing intention, and with
ultimate freelancing behavior from the perspective of Bangladesh.
Limitations: The study model considers only a limited number of factors that
determine freelancing intention and behavior. Furthermore, the study sample was
limited that might not represent the overall scenario of freelancing intention and
behavior.
Nusrat Zahan Lopa, Firuz Anika Setu, Md. Mizanur Rahman and Dr. ATM Jahiruddin
Business Administration Discipline, Khulna University, Sher-E-Bangla Rd, Khulna 9208
Email: nusratzahan.lopa@ba.ku.ac.bd
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Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze and identify the factors affecting
consumer attitude toward e-tourism marketing in Bangladesh.
Methodology: The target population of this quantitative study was the actual and
potential tourists of Bangladesh familiar with e-based tourism marketing.
Convenience sampling technique was used and there were 27 statements on
different aspects of e-tourism marketing to measure the attitude of customers
toward e-tourism marketing. Hypothesis were tested by using regression analysis.
Findings: Six independent variables i.e. website trust, available information in the
websites, contents and design of websites, physical accessibility of technology,
technological advancement, risk and security issues have significant effect on
attitude of tourists toward e –marketing; whereas personal experience and
interactivity of the website have no significant effect on tourist’s attitude toward
e–marketing.
Value/Originality: As there is limited research on the determinants of e-tourism
marketing that describe consumer’s attitude towards tourism, this research has
focused on this issue and offers valuable insights for tourism and marketing
sectors.
Practical Implications: Understanding the factors that affect success of e-tourism
assists the tourism marketers to determine how they should organize their online
based tourism marketing activities to attract the right market segment. The result
will contribute to the success of e- marketing of the tourism firms.
Limitations: The result of this study cannot be generalized for the region as it
does not represent the whole population. There were difficulties to get honest and
actual opinions from the respondents especially from potential tourists.
Hridoy Biswas, Zannatul Ferdous Moury
Faculty of Business Studies, BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology
Email: zannatul.ferdous@buft.edu.bd
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Abstract
Purpose: This paper aims at assessing the factors that determine the customer
satisfaction of ride sharing service in Bangladesh. The motive of this study lies in
exploring the influential factors that shape the customer satisfaction of ride sharing
service, specifically Pathao users in Dhaka city. Additionally, the paper examines
how much the Bangladeshi people are clued up the use of ride sharing service and
to what extent they are taking this service.
Methodology: This study is quantitative in nature and based on both primary and
secondary data. This study employed 120 participants comprising females (30%)
and males (70%) aged between 20 and 50 years. Nonprobability convenience
sampling technique has been used in this study. Multiple regression analysis has
been employed to analyze data and SPSS software has been used to process data.
Findings: The study unveils that comfort, price and discount are the most
influential factors of satisfaction. Moreover, attitude toward new technology
influences the customer satisfaction level to a great extent.
Practical Implications: This study offers a direction to the practitioners (ride
sharing service providers) by which they can design strategic schemes to ensure
customer loyalty and attract more customers to use their service.
Originality/Value: Findings from this quantitative study can extensively
contribute to the enhancement of fundamental knowledge regarding the factors
affecting satisfaction with ride sharing service. Further this study potentially
easing the ability of future studies to examine other related factors such as
perceived risk, environmental benefits and involvement.
Limitations: The study has not looked into the interconnection effect between
three precursors including perceived service quality, perceived sales promotion
and lifestyle and attitude on satisfaction.
"
Muhammad Ziaulhaq Mamun & S. M. Arifuzzaman
Institute of Business Administration (IBA), University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Email: mzmamun@yahoo.com
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Abstract
Purpose: This study investigates the key factors influencing the stock buying
behavior of traders in the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE), Bangladesh.
Methodology: Primary data were collected from 139 DSE traders using
convenience and snowball sampling techniques. The analysis employed
descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, correlation, and factor analysis to explore
the determinants of stock purchase decisions.
Findings: Traders give the highest priority to political stability, company
reputation, financial indicators such as PE/EPS ratios, annual reports, regulatory
policies, expected dividends, and their own confidence and risk-taking tendencies.
Moderately important factors include share price movement, affordability, market
efficiency, investment satisfaction, hedging decisions, institutional shareholdings,
and policymakers’ reviews. Elements such as the investment environment,
transaction facilities, media coverage, ethical practices, bank interest rates, and
online information from companies or the stock market are considered less
influential. Other investment opportunities, company business activities, trust in
advisors or brokers, tax rates, and CSR initiatives hold only marginal importance.
Rumors, investor mood, third-party information, public holidays, fiduciary advice,
and religious aversion exert minimal or no influence on traders’ decisions.
Practical Implications: The findings offer valuable insights for understanding
behavioral influences in a market characterized by frequent fluctuations,
instability, and high emotional involvement, thereby contributing to the broader
field of behavioral finance in emerging markets.
Value/Originality: The study evaluates stock purchase decisions using 46
attributes on a 5-point Likert scale, identified through face validity to ensure
relevance. Strong reliability is confirmed with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.876,
demonstrating consistency of the measurement instrument.
Limitations: The study is limited to the Dhaka Stock Exchange, the largest stock
market in Bangladesh, comprising approximately 3.3 million traders.
Wasif Azhar Nibir
Department of International Business, Faculty of Business Studies, University of Dhaka
Email: wasifazhar-2019613161@ib.du.ac.bd
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Abstract
Purpose: This study evaluates Bangladesh's service trade competitiveness and
compares it with India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka from 1981 to 2022.
Methodology: It uses the International Market Share (IMS), Revealed
Comparative Advantage (RCA), and Trade Competitiveness (TC) indices. These
variables measure services sector market presence, export specialization, and trade
balance. Secondary data comes from 42 years of trade information in the World
Bank Development Indicators database.
Findings: The study shows that Bangladesh's global services trade market share
has increased, but it remains far behind India's. The RCA index of Bangladesh has
declined, indicating less service export specialization. The TC index remains
negative, indicating a service trade deficit.
Practical Implications: The findings can help policymakers by showing that
Bangladesh's competitiveness requires sector-specific strategies, institutional
fortification, improved infrastructure, and diversification into high-value services.
Value/Originality: This paper contributes to the existing literature by assessing
the competitiveness of Bangladesh's trade in services over a multi-decade period
and comparing it with neighbouring countries to find its regional standing.
Limitations: The study is quantitative in nature, done on an aggregate level, and
relies on secondary data. In the future, a mixed-method approach can be applied,
and comparative analysis can be done at sub-sector levels with more countries in
the same region.
Jaita Bepary & Mamunur Rahman
Department of Economics, University of Barishal, Barishal, Bangladesh
Email: mamuneco151@gmail.com
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Abstract
Purpose: In this era of technological revolution, freelancing has opened new
doors of possibilities. In Bangladesh, this sector is becoming very popular day by
day. This study aims to determine the impact of freelancing on the educated
unemployed in Bangladesh.
Methodology: The results are discussed based on data from 128 individual
freelancers across several districts of Bangladesh. The data was collected through
a structured questionnaire. ANCOVA multiple regression analysis was used to
statistically analyze the research results using the statistical software EViews and
this quantitative result adds significant value to the study.
Findings: The study has identified the main determinants of freelance income in
Bangladesh. In this study, the key determinants of freelance earnings are types of
freelancers, cost of freelancing, experience and hours of spend. This research also
highlights the problems faced by freelancers in Bangladesh and explores ways to
encourage more people to take up freelancing as a profession in the future.
Practical Implications: The study focuses on real economic factors and the
important economic concept of ‘unemployment’. Besides, the study highlights
freelancing as an emerging source of earning in Bangladesh.
Value/Originality: This research will be beneficial to the freelancers of
Bangladesh as well as educated unemployed individuals who are searching for
new jobs. Besides, this paper will help the government to generate new policies to
reduce unemployment in Bangladesh.
Limitations: The research also has some limitations. This study attempts to find
ways to encourage more people to take up freelancing as a profession so that they
can contribute to reducing unemployment in Bangladesh. Future researchers can
expand on this topic and find various ways to reduce unemployment in
Bangladesh.
Nayeema Sultana
School of Business, Bangladesh Open University, Gazipur-
Email: nayeema@bou.ac.bd
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Abstract
Purpose: This paper aims to understand how social media platforms are used for
educational purposes and how they engage students in the learning process in the
context of private universities in Bangladesh.
Methodology: As the study is explorative in nature, qualitative research approach
was adopted to gather in-depth insights into the experiences of both students and
faculty members. The participants were divided into two clusters: Cluster-1,
consisting of 37 students from bachelor’s to master’s levels, and Cluster-2,
comprising 19 faculty members with at least three years of teaching experience.
Findings: Social media platforms have recently transformed traditional educational
paradigms. In Bangladesh, university students’ social media usage has surged due to
affordable smartphones and widespread internet access. While exploring the role of
social media in enhancing learning in the digital age, the findings revealed that
social media significantly enhances student engagement, promotes collaborative
learning, facilitates access to educational resources and information sharing, and
fosters real-time communication between students and teachers.
Practical Implications: This study discusses the usefulness of social media
platforms for resource sharing, cooperative learning, and student involvement in
higher education. Additionally, university curricula ought to incorporate instruction
in digital literacy to assist students in analyzing and utilizing social media content
for academic purposes.
Value/Originality: This research provides original perspectives on social media
applications as they are currently transforming the nature of student engagement
and learning in private universities in Bangladesh through a qualitative approach.
Limitations: One key limitation of the study is that it focuses on a limited sample
from private universities only, which may not fully represent the broader
experiences of students and faculty across different educational institutions in
Bangladesh.
Aslam Mahmud & Al Mohtasim Billah
Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University; Southwestern University of Finance and Economics
Email: mahmud@jkkniu.edu.bd
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Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to identify the key drivers and impediments to stock
market development in Bangladesh by empirically examining the dynamic
relationships between macroeconomic variables and stock market development.
Methodology: The analysis utilizes the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL)
bounds testing approach, applied to annual time series data spanning a 31-year
period. Prior to estimation, unit root tests are conducted to establish the integration
properties of the variables, ensuring the appropriateness of the ARDL framework.
Model specification is validated through standard diagnostic tests. Furthermore,
Granger causality tests are employed to assess the directionality of causal
relationships between stock market development and macroeconomic indicators.
Findings: The results provide robust evidence of a long-run cointegrating
relationship between stock market development and its macroeconomic
determinants. In the long term, the exchange rate and foreign direct investment
(FDI) are found to exert significant negative effects on stock market development,
whereas domestic credit to the private sector exhibits a strong positive influence. In
the short run, trade openness and economic growth are also identified as influential
factors, though their effects are primarily transitory. The Granger causality analysis
reveals predominantly unidirectional causal links from macroeconomic variables to
stock market development, with limited instances of bidirectional causality
involving economic growth and FDI.
Practical Implications: The findings underscore the need for policymakers to
prioritize exchange rate stability, domestic banking sector development, and adopt
strategic approaches to FDI management. A coherent and coordinated
macroeconomic policy framework is essential to foster sustainable stock market
growth.
Value/Originality: The research advances the relatively sparse empirical literature
on the determinants of stock market development in Bangladesh. By elucidating the
complex interactions between macroeconomic variables and market performance,
the study offers critical insights for policymakers, regulators, and investors seeking
to promote financial market development in similar economic contexts.
Limitations: This study is confined to the Bangladeshi context and a specific
timeframe, which may limit generalizability to other emerging economies.
Tasnima Aziza & Mohammad Nazmul Islam
Institute of Business Administration, Jahangirnagar University
Email: tasnimaju@juniv.edu
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Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore the extent of work-life balance
(WLB) disclosure in the annual reports of listed banks in Bangladesh.
Methodology: The study used content analysis to explore the amount and nature
of WLB information presented in the annual reports in the year 2023 of listed
banks. The study specifically considered 25 items included in the Work-life
Balance Index (WLBI).
Findings: The study found that most Bangladeshi banks disclose minimal
information about WLB. Maternity leave, which is a mandatory benefit, has been
identified as the most disclosed item. On average, the banks only report around 5
items out of 25. Most of the banks do not disclose even the obligatory benefits.
Practical Implications: The disclosure practices of the Bangladeshi banks
indicate that only a few banks are aware of the significance of WLB disclosure.
This finding may prompt banks to implement more WLB tools and report them
accordingly.
Originality/Value: The paper contributes to the literature on the disclosure of
work-life balance information. It has investigated WLB disclosure specifically in
the context of developing countries. The WLB index (WLBI) developed in this
paper will help to determine the WLB disclosure level of any organization. This
study provides new directions for the literature and may endorse comparative
studies on WLB from different viewpoints.
Limitations: The study only considers the annual report for content analysis and
it includes the listed banks only as the sample. Besides, the paper examines only
one year but the findings might change over time.
Sumaya Khaleque & Reajmin Sultana
Faculty of Business Studies, Department of Business Administration, Bangladesh University of Professional
Email: reajmin.sultana@bup.edu.bd
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Abstract
Purpose: Since independence, the economy of Bangladesh has greatly depended
on small and medium enterprises and start-ups over time. Even though there are
various supports and favourable environments available for entrepreneurs of
Bangladesh, women of Bangladesh face various barriers in availing these. For this,
we aim to investigate whether impact of gender matters to entrepreneurial success.
The concentration of our research is that how women entrepreneurs are facing the
challenges in Bangladesh. We have focused in particular on gender based barriers
relating to access to finance and managing family responsibilities.
Methodology: We have incorporated a mixed-method design within our study by
merging quantitative data from 64 women entrepreneurs with qualitative data. We
have collected our data through a structured questionnaire and analysed with
statistical software like correlation and regression analysis. The qualitative data
were analysed through thematic interpretation.
Findings: We have found from our research that, limited access to capital,
restricted networking opportunities, and difficulties in managing work-life
balance are the key barriers that works as an obstacle to the success of women-led
start-ups. These challenges hinder the growth and scalability of the women-led
ventures significantly.
Practical Implications: We argue that the evidence presented in our paper will be
used to advocate for targeted financial inclusion programmes, mentorship
programmes and flexible support services. If these things happen well, this could
pave the way for a more inclusive and supportive start-up scene for women in
Bangladesh.
Value/Originality: Our research will contribute to existing literature by using a
mixed-method design. For this, we have combined statistical analysis and
contextual insights. It will also offer a more comprehensive understanding of the
obstacles that women entrepreneurs of Bangladesh face.
Limitations: The limitation of our study is the absence of in-depth qualitative
data. We believe that, such data may have provided further contextual depth and
richer understanding of the experiences of participants.
Saiful Islam & Ekramul Huda
Department of International Business, University of Dhaka
Email: ekram.ib@du.ac.bd
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Abstract
Purpose: This study explores the user intention to adopt and use IoT-enabled
courier services in emerging economies, specifically Bangladesh.
Methodology: Using convenience sampling, data has been collected from 389
consumers through a structured survey questionnaire, and partial least squares
structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) has been used to assess the
measurements and structural models of the study.
Findings: Among the five predictors, except for social influence, all
four performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, and
trialability are found to significantly positively influence the users’ intention to
use IoT in courier services in Bangladesh. The findings also confirm a positive
effect of users’ behavioral intention to use IoT-enabled courier services on their
actual use.
Practical implications: Theoretically, it broadens the existing understanding of
technology adoption by blending the variables of UTAUT and IDT into a single
framework. Empirically, this study investigates IoT adoption and users’ intentions
in an emerging economy, which was previously not explored. In terms of
managerial implications, this study outlines the factors that influence users'
intention to adopt IoT in courier services, which service providers should work on.
Originality/Value: This study is the first that explores the possibility and
adoption of IoT in courier services in Bangladesh.
Limitation: This study is focused only on one emerging country, based
on a small sample size and cross-sectional data, which limits the generalization in
interpretations
Abdullah Tarik & Md. Mizanur Rahman
Business Administration Discipline, Khulna University
Email: abdullahtarikrohit.1.21@gmail.com
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Abstract
Purpose: The study focuses on identifying the major challenges faced by
undergraduate freelancers and provides recommendations and actions that will
reduce them.
Methodology: The study is descriptive in nature and is based on primary data,
with 63 respondents from four universities participating through a standard
questionnaire. MS Excel was utilized for completing data analysis, which included
the utilization of the appropriate statistical tools and procedures. Convenience
sampling has been used to collect the data.
Findings: Some of the major challenges faced by freelancers include difficulties
in accessing modern technology, challenges related to access to high-speed
internet, uninterrupted electricity, payment issues, and a lack of appropriate rules
and regulations. The study also provided some recommendations to overcome
hurdles such as increased competition among ISPs, PPPs, investment in modern
technologies, lowering import duties and VAT, and setting up international
payment gateways.
Practical Implications: The study will help policymakers to better understand the
challenges faced by freelancers, and the recommended actions will contribute to
reducing the hurdles for undergraduate freelancers.
Value/Originality: Bangladesh's freelancing industry is expected to grow in the
future, and there is a high potential for success in this industry. However, some
challenges faced by freelancers limit their true potential. To understand this
situation, the research examined the key factors that affect this industry.
Limitations: Significant study limitations include the convenience sample method
used to obtain data, the limited sample size, and the focus on a specific area.
Mollika Ghosh
School of Business, Bangladesh Open University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
Email: mollikag.du@gmail.com
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Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore whether higher educational
institutes' e-learning programs on Facebook groups enhance Students' intention to
use (IU) E-learning Programs or not by identifying influential determinants. By
drawing on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Unified Theory of
Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), Theory of Reasoned Action
(TRA), and Student Engagement (SE) theory, this study assessed the role of SE in
e-learners’ IU on Facebook perspectives.
Methodology: This research applies quantitative research methodology using
non-probability purposive sampling of a total of 211 higher secondary to
post-graduate students in higher educational institutes, private and public
universities in Bangladesh who are familiar and associated with e-learning
programs of Facebook groups. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and mediation
analysis as the data analysis method have been implemented by applying
Co-Variance Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM).
Findings: The result reveals that perceived ease of use (PEOU) and perceived
usefulness (PU) from TAM, and social influence (SI) from the UTAUT model
significantly affecting students' intention to use (IU) Facebook groups, with the
strong effect of mediation of students' engagement (SE), except for the
insignificant impact of hedonic motivation (HE).
Practical Implications: Following the studies' implications and future
recommendations, educators and e-learning providers should make Facebook
groups more effective and enjoyable by integrating engagement with educational
usage.
Originality/Value: The originality of this study is in extending the four separate
theories and models in enhancing students' future use of Facebook groups for
e-learning programs, with the engagement level as a mediator in 'Meta.'
Limitations: The present study employs a non-probability sampling method
without the consideration of cross-cultural concerns and socio-demographic
factors, focusing on other social media. Drawing on these issues, future academics
should approach PLS-SEM, LISREL, and workable moderating variables.
